Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts

Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century (2008): Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts [Read Online]

Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century

Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century

Authors:
Committee on the Effectiveness of International and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts, National Research Council

Description:
Marine debris from ships and other ocean-based sources-including trash and lost fishing gear-contributes to the spoiling of beaches, fouling of surface waters and the seafloor, and harm to marine animals, among other effects. Unfortunately, international conventions and domestic laws intended to control marine debris have not been successful, in part because the laws, as written, provide little incentive to change behavior.

This book identifies ways to reduce waste, improve waste disposal at ports, and strengthen the regulatory framework toward a goal of zero waste discharge into the marine environment. Progress will depend on a commitment to sustained funding and appropriate institutional support.

The Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee should, through planning and prioritization, target research to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of marine debris. It should support the establishment of scalable and statistically rigorous protocols that allow monitoring at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. These protocols should contain evaluative metrics that allow assessment of progress in marine debris mitigation. The United States, through leadership in the international arena, should provide technical assistance and support for the establishment of additional monitoring and research programs worldwide.

Gift from the sea ของฝากจากทะเล

5th IMDC immediate Release from Ocean Conservancy "Trash Free Seas"

For Immediate Release: March 22, 2011

UNEP Marine Litter Publications

UNEP Marine Litter Publications

หน่วยงาน ด้าน "ขยะทะเล"

Websites
Australia

* Coastcare
www.coastcare.com.au
* Northern Territory Marine Debris Monitoring Program
www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/marine/pdf/marinedebris_fs.pdf
* Australian Maritime Safety Authority
www.amsa.gov.au/Marine_Environment_Protection/AMSAs_Role_in_Maritime_Environmental_Issues/
* Marine Debris in the Great Barrier Reef
www.reefed.edu.au/home/explorer/hot_topics/marine_debris
* Marine Debris in the Australian Antarctic Territory
www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=3122
* Clean Up Australia:
www.cleanup.org.au/au/
* Keep Australia Beautiful
www.kab.org.au
* Carpentaria Gulf Nets Programme
www.ghostnets.com.au
* Project AWARE Marine Debris Page
www.projectaware.org/content/index.php?pid=42
* Port Waste Reception Facilities
www.amsa.gov.au/Marine_Environment_Protection/AMSAs_Role_in_Maritime_Environmental_Issues/
* RecFishing Research Best Practice Guidelines
www.recfishingresearch.org/reports.asp?ids=7&idset=19&title=Codes%20of%20Practice
* Surfrider Foundation Australia
www.surfrider.org.au/what-we-do/marine-debris/
* WWF Australia - Marine Debris Program
www.wwf.org.au/ourwork/oceans/debris/

Regional

* APEC
www.apec.org
* COBSEA
www.cobsea.org/activities/activities_strategic_pollution.html
* SPREP
www.sprep.org/solid_waste/index.htm
* CTI
www.cti-secretariat.net/home-mainmenu-1

Global

* Clean Up the World:
www.cleanupworld.org
* NOAA Marine Debris Program
marinedebris.noaa.gov
* Surfrider Foundation
www.surfrider.org/a-z/marine_debris.php
* UNEP Regional Seas Programme
www.unep.org/regionalseas/

ในประเทศไทย
Save Koh Tao


ASIA / ÁSIA
Clean Coast Project
http://www.sviva.gov.il/bin/en.jsp?enPage=e_BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=Zone&enDispWho=cleancoast05&enZone=cleancoast05

COBSEA - Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia Homepage
http://www.cobsea.org/index.html
http://cobsea.org/activities/activities_strategic_pollution.html

Green Fins Association
http://www.greenfins-thailand.org/

Hong Kong Coastal International Cleanup Challenge
http://www.ecovisionasia.com/hkcoastalcleanup/index.html

International Pellet Watch::Call for pellets from world beaches!
http://www.pelletwatch.org/

JEAN - Japan Environmental Action Network
http://www.jean.jp/

Kewkradong Bangladesh
http://www.kewkradong.com/

Mariana Islands Nature Alliance - A Pacific Environmental Organization
http://minapacific.org/
http://minapacific.org/sec.asp?secID=2

NOWPAP National Monitoring of Marine Litter
http://www.cearac-project.org/MALITA/NOWPAP_National_Monitoring/top.htm

NOWPAP-Northwest Pacific Action Plan
http://www.nowpap.org/index.php
http://www.nowpap.org/ML.php

Oceanic Defense - Activation Through Education
http://www.oceanicdefense.org/index.html

OSEAN - Our Sea of East Asia Network
http://cafe.naver.com/osean

Project AWARE Actions
http://projectaware.wordpress.com/


Worldwide

Net without Litter


UNITED NATIONS / ONU
Welcome to the Regional Seas website
http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/default.asp

COBSEA - Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia Homepage
http://www.cobsea.org/index.html
http://cobsea.org/activities/activities_strategic_pollution.html

Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities
http://www.gpa.unep.org/

International Maritime Organization
http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?doc_id=678&topic_id=258#garbage

NOWPAP-Northwest Pacific Action Plan
http://www.nowpap.org/index.php
http://www.nowpap.org/ML.php

Oceans and Law of the Sea
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm

UN Atlas of the Oceans
http://www.oceansatlas.org/



AFRICA
flipflop (i was)
http://www.uniqueco-designs.com/



NORTH AMERICA / AMÉRICA DO NORTE
5 Gyres - Researching & Communicating Plastic Polution in the Worlds Oceans
http://5gyres.org/index.php

5th International Marine Debris Conference
http://www.5imdc.org/

7 In the Ocean
http://sevenintheocean.wordpress.com/

A Whale of a Problem!
http://teamjefferson.blog.com/

Algalita Marine Research Foundation - Marine Research, Education and Restoration
http://www.algalita.org/index.html

Alice Ferguson Foundation: Environmental Education and Environmental Action on the Potomac River. Accokeek, Maryland
http://www.fergusonfoundation.org/index.html

All the Way to the Ocean
http://www.allthewaytotheocean.com/

American Chemistry Council
Plastics Division
http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/sec.asp?CID=1106&DID=4260

ANNA HEPLER
http://www.annahepler.com/
http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=239107
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/12/sculptors-take-on-great-pacific-garbage-patch.php

California Coastal Commission, Public Education Program. Marine Debris
http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/marinedebris.html

Dive Into Your Imagination - The Garbage Patch
http://www.diveintoyourimagination.com/news/the-garbage-patch

Documents, Reports, Laws, Regulations and Treaties about the Problems Associated with Marine Debris
http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/debris/docsregs.html

Exploring waste, from coast to coast. | Trash Trip
http://www.trashtrip.com/

Flotsametrics and the Floating World
http://www.flotsametrics.com/
http://beachcombersalert.blogspot.com/

GarbagePatchCleaners.org
http://www.garbagepatchcleaner.org/home

gARTbage
Teresa Espaniola
http://www.gartbage.org/

GrassRoots Garbage Gang Rag
http://www.ourbeach.org/index.html

Gulf of Alaska Keeper
http://www.goak.org/

Heal the Bay
http://www.healthebay.org/

Judith Selby Lang
Richard Lang
http://www.beachplastic.com/beach_plastic/Greetings.html

KBB - Keep Bermuda Beautiful
http://www.kbb.bm/index.html

Keep Martin Beautiful
http://www.keepmartinbeautiful.org/

Keep Oceans Clean!
http://www.keepoceansclean.org/intro/

LitterProject
http://www.litterproject.com/

Lost Fishing Gear | The SeaDoc Society
http://www.seadocsociety.org/lostfishinggear

Marina Trash Skimmer by Marina Accessories - Bellingham, WA
http://www.marinatrashskimmer.com/

Marine Cleanup Initiative, Inc. (MCII)
http://www.marinecleanupinitiativeinc.org/
http://marinecleanupinitiativeinc.blogspot.com/

Marine Conservation Alliance Foundation
http://www.mcafoundation.org/index.html

MarineDebrisSolutions.org
http://marinedebrissolutions.com/

National Healthy Beaches Campaign. Promoting clean, safe and healthy beaches.
http://www.healthybeaches.org/

National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce; Coast Guard, Department
of Homeland Security (DHS)
Definition of Marine Debris for Purposes of the Marine Debris
Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/E9-21261.htm
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-21261.pdf
http://205.153.241.230/env_regs/09_03_09.html

NH Marine Debris to Energy Project
http://www.nhmarinedebris.org

NOAA Marine Debris Blog
http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/

NOAA Marine Debris Program
http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/welcome.html

Ocean Conservancy: International Coastal Cleanup
http://www.oceanconservancy.org/site/PageServer?pagename=icc_home

Oceanic Defense - Activation Through Education
http://www.oceanicdefense.org/index.html

OceanGybe: A Global Research & Outreach Expedition to Protect the World’s Oceans. - Welcome to OceanGybe.com
http://www.oceangybe.com/

Pam Longobardi
http://www.pamlongobardi.com/

PITCH-IN CANADA - Litter control, recycling, reduce, reuse, beautification
http://www.pitch-in.ca/Marine/E-Marine1.html

Plastic Debris Rivers to Sea Conference | September 7-9, 2005
http://conference.plasticdebris.org/

Plastic Debris Rivers to Sea Project
http://www.plasticdebris.org/

Plastic Forever
http://www.plasticforever.blogspot.com/

Plastic in the Sea and Water
http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/ocean.htm

Plastic Pollution Coalition
http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/

Plastics are Forever
http://www.plasticsareforever.org/

Plastics at SEA | North Atlantic Expedition | Sea Education Association (SEA)
http://www.sea.edu/plastics/index.htm

Plastics. Too Valuable to Waste. Recycle.
http://2valuable2waste.com/blog/

Project AWARE Actions
http://projectaware.wordpress.com/

Project Kaisei - Capturing the Plastic Vortex
http://www.projectkaisei.org/index.html

Project Vortex
http://www.projectvortex.org/

RISE ABOVE PLASTICS
http://www.riseaboveplastics.org/
http://riseaboveplastics.blogspot.com/

San Diego Clean Beach Coalition
http://cleanbeachcoalition.org/

San Francisco Save The Bay
http://www.savesfbay.org/

Save The Waves Coalition
http://www.savethewaves.org/

Sea Education Association
http://www.sea.edu/home/index.aspx

SEAPLEX
Scripps Environmental Accumulation of Plastic Expedition
Seeking the Science of the Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch
http://sio.ucsd.edu/Expeditions/Seaplex/
http://seaplexscience.com/

Seattle Bag Tax
http://www.seattlebagtax.org/

South Carolina Marine Debris Initiative
http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/outreach/marine_debris.htm

Surfrider Foundation
http://www.surfrider.org/

TD Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup
http://www.vanaqua.org/cleanup/

Team Marine :: Rethinking Sustainability!
http://www.teammarine.org/index.php

The Daily Ocean
http://www.thedailyocean.blogspot.com/

The Flotsam Diaries
A chronicle of human debris. Washed up, blown in, left behind.
http://theflotsamdiaries.blogspot.com/

The Marine Mammal Center
http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/

The Plastiki Expedition
http://www.theplastiki.com/

The Plastic Patrol
http://theplasticpatrol.squarespace.com/

Washed Ashore
http://www.washedashore.org/index.php

Washington CoastSavers
http://www.coastsavers.org/

West Coast Governors’ Agreement on Ocean Health Action Coordination Teams
http://www.westcoastoceans.gov/teams/#debris

WiLDCOAST
http://www.wildcoast.net/site/index.php



SOUTH AMERICA / AMÉRICA DO SUL
LEI No 9.966, DE 28 DE ABRIL DE 2000.
Dispõe sobre a prevenção, o controle e a fiscalização da poluição causada por lançamento de óleo e outras substâncias nocivas ou perigosas em águas sob jurisdição nacional e dá outras providências.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L9966.htm
MENSAGEM Nº 571, DE 28 DE ABRIL DE 2000.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/Mensagem_Veto/2000/Mv0571-00.htm

DECRETO Nº 4.136, DE 20 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2002
Dispõe sobre a especificação das sanções aplicáveis às infrações às regras de prevenção, controle e fiscalização da poluição causada por lançamento de óleo e outras substâncias nocivas ou perigosas em águas sob jurisdição nacional, prevista na Lei no 9.966, de 28 de abril de 2000, e dá outras providências.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2002/D4136.htm

PLS - PROJETO DE LEI DO SENADO, Nº 354 de 1989
Dispõe sobre o acondicionamento, a coleta, o tratamento, o transporte e a destinação final dos resíduos de serviços de saúde.
http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=1711

SCD - SUBSTITUTIVO DA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS AO PROJETO DE LEI DO SENADO, Nº 354 de 1989
Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos; altera a Lei nº 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998; e dá outras providências.
http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=96105

PL-203/1991
Dispõe sobre o acondicionamento, a coleta, o tratamento, o transporte e a destinação final dos resíduos de serviços de saúde.
http://www.camara.gov.br/sileg/prop_detalhe.asp?id=15158

PL-1991/2007
Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e dá outras providências
http://www.camara.gov.br/sileg/Prop_Detalhe.asp?id=366828

LEI Nº 12.305, DE 2 DE AGOSTO DE 2010.
Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos; altera a Lei no 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998; e dá outras providências.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Lei/L12305.htm

DECRETO Nº 7.404, DE 23 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2010.
Regulamenta a Lei no 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, cria o Comitê Interministerial da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e o Comitê Orientador para a Implantação dos Sistemas de Logística Reversa, e dá outras providências.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7404.htm



5º Tempo - Mutirão de Limpeza no Mangue - Outubro 2004
http://www.natalvoluntarios.org.br/tempo/tempo5/tempo5.htm
http://www.natalvoluntarios.org.br/tempo/relatoriodownload/relatorio5tempo.pdf

ABIEF - Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Embalagens Plásticas Flexíveis
http://www.abief.com.br/

CleanBeach - Consciência Ecológica
http://www.cleanbeach.com.br/

Compromisso Empresarial para Reciclagem (Cempre)
http://www.cempre.org.br/

Detectives Científicos de la basura en las playas - Explora Conicyt
http://www.cientificosdelabasura.cl/

Entidade Ecológica dos Surfistas - ECOSURFI
http://www.ecosurfi.org/

INP - Instituto Nacional do Plástico
http://www.inp.org.br/

Instituto EcoFaxina - Limpeza, Monitoramento e Educação Ambiental
http://ecofaxina.blogspot.com/

Limpa Brasil
http://www.campanhalimpabrasil.com/site/

lixo.com.br - Consciência Sócio Ambiental
http://www.lixo.com.br/

Mutirão Ambiental - Mar Limpo - veja quais as formas de se combater o lixo marinho
http://homologa.ambiente.sp.gov.br/marlimpo/default.asp

Oceanografia Química e Poluição Marinha
http://poluicaomarinha.blogspot.com/

Organização Sócio-Ambientalista Joguelimpo
http://www.joguelimpo.org.br/index.php

PLAN DE ACCIÓN PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DE MEDIO MARINO Y ÁREAS COSTERAS DEL PACÍFICO SUDESTE.
http://www.cpps-int.org/spanish/planaccion/marinelitter.htm
http://www.cpps-int.org/spanish/planaccion/contaminacionmarinapa.htm#6

Plastivida - Instituto Sócio-Ambiental dos Plásticos
http://www.plastivida.org.br/

Praia Limpa
http://pe360graus.globo.com/praialimpa/

Projeto Limpeza Na Praia - IEA
http://www.institutoaqualung.com.br/limpeza.html

Projeto Manguezal
http://www.projetomanguezal.ufsc.br/

Saco é um saco
http://www.sacoeumsaco.com.br/

Sacolinhas Plásticas
http://sacolinhasplasticas.blogspot.com/

SOS Praias Brasil
http://www.sospraiasbrasil.org.br/

Vamos Limpar o Mundo
http://www.vamoslimparomundo.blogspot.com/



ASIA / ÁSIA
Clean Coast Project
http://www.sviva.gov.il/bin/en.jsp?enPage=e_BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=Zone&enDispWho=cleancoast05&enZone=cleancoast05

COBSEA - Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia Homepage
http://www.cobsea.org/index.html
http://cobsea.org/activities/activities_strategic_pollution.html

Green Fins Association
http://www.greenfins-thailand.org/

Hong Kong Coastal International Cleanup Challenge
http://www.ecovisionasia.com/hkcoastalcleanup/index.html

International Pellet Watch::Call for pellets from world beaches!
http://www.pelletwatch.org/

JEAN - Japan Environmental Action Network
http://www.jean.jp/

Kewkradong Bangladesh
http://www.kewkradong.com/

Mariana Islands Nature Alliance - A Pacific Environmental Organization
http://minapacific.org/
http://minapacific.org/sec.asp?secID=2

NOWPAP National Monitoring of Marine Litter
http://www.cearac-project.org/MALITA/NOWPAP_National_Monitoring/top.htm

NOWPAP-Northwest Pacific Action Plan
http://www.nowpap.org/index.php
http://www.nowpap.org/ML.php

Oceanic Defense - Activation Through Education
http://www.oceanicdefense.org/index.html

OSEAN - Our Sea of East Asia Network
http://cafe.naver.com/osean

Project AWARE Actions
http://projectaware.wordpress.com/



CARIBBEAN / CARIBE
Solid Waste and Marine Litter - Caribbean Environment Programme
http://www.cep.unep.org/publications-and-resources/marine-and-coastal-issues-links/solid-waste-and-marine-litter

Vida Marina de Puerto Rico: Centro de Reducción de Desperdicios Acuáticos
http://www.vidamarinapr.org/english/index.html



EUROPA
Adopt-a-beach and Beachwatch
http://www.adoptabeach.org.uk/

ANDY HUGHES PHOTOGRAPHER
http://www.andyhughes.net/dwt.html

Angelika Heckhausen
http://www.angelika-heckhausen.de/
http://picasaweb.google.com/117860566775425143683/PlastikMullAssemblagen
http://picasaweb.google.com/117860566775425143683/Strandglas
http://www.el-foco.es/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/EL-FOCO-9-M%C3%BCll-web.pdf

Beach cleaner by BeachTech – Find out more about beach cleaners
http://www.beach-tech.com/en.html

British Plastic Federation - Used Plastics Litter in Marine & Riverine Environments
http://www.bpf.co.uk/Press/Marine_Litter.aspx

Clean Ocean Project
http://www.cleanoceanproject.org/

Cleaner Coasts for Ireland and Wales
http://www.cleancoastproject.org/

Corona Save the Beach: A pioneer initiative
http://www.coronasavethebeach.org/eng

Fishing for Litter
http://www.kimointernational.org/Fishing-for-Litter-.aspx

flyintheface - home page of Fran Crowe
http://www.flyintheface.com/index.html

IMARES Dossier: Plastic waste in the sea
http://www.imares.wur.nl/UK/research/dossiers/plastic/

its a man made world
Barbara de Vries
http://www.itsamanmadeworld.com/home.html

KIMO International
http://www.kimointernational.org/

MarinePlastic.org
http://www.marineplastic.org/
http://www.stevemcpherson.co.uk/category/marine-plastic/
http://www.fromherewhereyouare.co.uk/

Microplastics
http://www.microplastics.ch/

NABU-Projekt „Meere ohne Plastik“
http://www.nabu.de/themen/meere/plastik/projekt/

Not on our beaches
http://www.notonourbeaches.com/

Plastic from the Sea
http://www.plastic-sea.com/

Plastic Oceans
http://www.plasticoceans.net/

Plastic Planet
http://www.plastic-planet.at/
http://www.plastic-planet.de/

Plastic Reef | Maarten Vanden Eynde
http://www.plasticreef.com/

Plastic Soup
http://www.plasticsoup.org/en/

Plastic Whale
http://plasticwhale.org/

Plastics 2020 Challenge | Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover
http://www.plastics2020challenge.com/questions/question/what_can_be_done_about_marine_litter/

Plastik-Müllkippe Meer
http://umwelt.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/30/0,1872,7901726,00.html

Project AWARE Actions
http://projectaware.wordpress.com/

Recycled island
http://www.recycledisland.com/

Robin des Bois - Monstres des mers avec Open Arts
http://www.robindesbois.org/monstres_des_mers_open_arts/robin_des_bois_open_arts.html

Robindesbois.org
http://www.robindesbois.org/

Sauvons Epluchures Beach!
http://sauvonsepluchures.org/

Surfers Against Sewage - Not just Surfers, Not just Sewage
http://www.sas.org.uk/

Surfrider Foundation Europe : Sea Protection - Environment and Education
http://www.surfrider.eu/en.html
http://www.initiativesoceanes.org/index.php

Unpackaged
http://beunpackaged.com/

Vac from the Sea
http://www.electrolux.se/Innovation/Campaigns/Vac-from-the-sea/

Watch the Waste - portail d’observation des dechets en mer
http://watchthewaste.free.fr/



HAWAI`I / HAVAÍ
Adopt A Beach Hawaii
http://adoptabeachhawaii.com/

Beach Environmental Awareness Campaign Hawai`i (B.E.A.C.H.)
http://www.b-e-a-c-h.org/

Hawai`i Marine Debris Action Plan
http://sites.google.com/site/himdap/

Helen Chellin
http://helenchellin.com/home.html
http://helenchellin.com/portfolio.html

Kokua Hawai`i Foundation
http://www.kokuahawaiifoundation.org/

SeaPics.com | Ocean Wildlife Nature Pictures | Stock Photo Agency
Ocean Pollution, Ocean Garbage, and Marine Debris Photos
http://seapics.com/
http://seapics.com/feature-subject/environment/ocean-pollution-pictures-001.html

SUPER | Survey of Underwater Plastic and Ecosystem Response
http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/cruises/super/index.htm



OCEANIA
Carpentaria Ghost Nets
http://www.ghostnets.com.au/index.html

Clean Up the World
http://www.cleanuptheworld.org/en/

Jimi Rock Under Sea Adventure
http://www.jimirock.com/

Marine debris in northern Australia — WWF-Australia
http://wwf.org.au/ourwork/oceans/debris/

Oceanic Defense - Activation Through Education
http://www.oceanicdefense.org/index.html

Project AWARE Actions
http://projectaware.wordpress.com/

reefED - Educate to keep it Great
http://www.reefed.edu.au/home/explorer/hot_topics/marine_debris

Sea Turtle Foundation – Turtles for Tomorrow » Marine Debris
http://www.seaturtlefoundation.org/threats/human/threats-rubbish/

Sustainable Coastlines
http://www.sustainablecoastlines.org/Kia_Ora/Welcome/Welcome.html

Waitemata Harbour Clean-Up Trust
http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/ourpar/whct.asp

Clean Coast Project

Clean Coast Project: Facts and Fifures

Clean Coast Index (a tool for beach cleanliness assessment)

Aim of the Project: Cleaning up Israel’s open,
undeclared beaches – with no lifeguards and
no swimming – and keeping them clean.

Microscopic Plastics_Research Project Proposal

Reasearch Project Proposal_Do microplastic fragments present a hazard to marine life?
Richard C Thompson and Steve J Rowland, University of Plymouth UK



Marine Litter, Microscopic plastics KIMO International Web page

Beach Cleanups & Campaigns - Worldwide summary

Beach Cleanups & Campaigns - Worldwide summary

Website-Coastal Care.org

The website contains good summary on plastic marine debris and its impacts.

Contamination of the marine environment from land-based sources

Contamination of the marine environment from land-based sources
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 25, Issues 1-4, 1992, Pages 32-36
H.L. Windom

Seven major categories of contaminants from land have perceived and/or real adverse effects on the coastal marine environment. Heavy metals, although perceived by the public to be a major contaminant of the marine environment, pose little threat on a global scale. Although sewage discharges, litter and oil spills constitute significant threats to the marine environment, their sources, fates and environmental effects are understood well enough to develop management strategies. Problems exist regarding those contaminants where management strategies have not been implemented. In the case of anthropogenically mobilized sediments, synthetic organic compounds, and nutrients, there is insufficient scientific information on the interrelationship between sources, transport, fates and effects to allow for development of management strategies for these contaminants, short of total source control.
Based on trends in world population growth, and global production and use of pesticides and fertilizers, it is concluded that nutrients, synthetic organic compounds and sewage pose the greatest present and future threat to the marine environment.

credit: ScienceDirect.com

Coastal and Marine-Related Issues (List of articles)

Coastal and Marine-Related Issues (List of articles)

Bewers J. M. And P. G. Wells (1992) Challenges For Improved Marine Environmental Protection. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 112-117



Brodie J. E., C. Arnould, L. Eldredge, L. Hammond, P. Holthus, D. Mowbray and P. Tortell (1990) State Of The Marine Environment In The South Pacific Region. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 127



Garrett C. (1992) Oceanographic And Modelling Considerations In Marine Environmental Protection. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 41-44



GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) (1990) The State of the Environment. Reports and Studies GESAMP No. 39. UNEP, Nairobi.



GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) (1994) Anthropogenic Influences on Sediment Discharge to the Coastal Zone and Environmental Consequences. Reports and Studies GESAMP No. 52. UNESCO, Paris.



GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) (1998) Report of the Twenty-eighth Session of GESAMP, Geneva, 20-24 April 1998. GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) Reports and Studies GESAMP No. 66. Geneva



Goldberg E., D. (1995) Emerging Problems In The Coastal Zone For The Twenty-First Century. Marine Pollution Bulletin (4-12): 152-158



Gray J. S. (1992) Biological And Ecological Effects Of Marine Pollutants And Their Detection. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 48-50



Heywood W. D. and B. Kjerfve (1999) Hydrological and oceanographic considerations for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Southern Belize. Environmental Management 2: 229-245



Mcintyre A. D. (1992) The Current State Of The Oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 28-31



Muller-Karger F. E. (1992) Remote Sensing Of Marine Pollution: A Challenge For The 1990’s. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 54-60



Pilcher N. J. (1999) Cement Dust As A Cause Of Sea Turtle Hatchling Mortality At Ras Baridi, Saudi Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(11): 966-969



Ricketts P. J. (1992) Current Approaches in Geographic Information Systems for Coastal Management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 82-87



Thompson W. E. And S. W. Ross (1999) A Water Quality Habitat Mapping System With Applications For Estuarine Monitoring, Impact Assessment And Management. Estuarine Research Federation Conference '99, New Orleans.



UNEP (1991) Regional Cooperation On Environmental Protection Of The Marine And Coastal Areas Of The Pacific Basin. UNEP Regional Seas Reports And Studies No. 134



UNEP (1992) Environmental problems affecting the marine and coastal environment in the wider Caribbean region. UNEP (OCA)/ CAR IG.9/ INF.5



UNEP (1994) Regional overview of land-based sources of pollution in the wider Caribbean region. Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report 33. UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston



Windom H. L. (1992) Contamination Of The Marine Environment From Land-Based Sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 32-36



Yap H. T. (1992) Marine Environmental Problems. Experiences Of Developing Regions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(1-4): 37-40

Trash and Climate Change - EPA Game!

Trash and Climate Change - EPA Game!

Useful tools and games for raising awareness on trash! See final page please!!! nice and cute game that you will enjoy.

Hawaii Marine Debris Action Plan (HI-MDAP)

Hawaii Marine Debris Action Plan
(HI-MDAP) http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/projects/pdfs/09himdap.pdf

PROJECT STORY
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Debris Program (MDP) has been a partner in efforts to combat marine debris in Hawaii since 2005.The MDP works in cooperation with partners across the US and internationally to address marine debris. Around the Hawaiian Archipelago, a number of efforts are taking place to address the impacts of marine debris. In order to prioritize Hawaii marine debris issues, the MDP is leading the coordination of the first statewide
action plan to address marine debris in Hawaii.

FOCUS AREAS
Participants identified marine debris actions in five separate focus areas:
• Research & Assessment
• Outreach
• Land-based Debris Prevention
• Beach Cleanup
• Reef (In-water) Debris Removal

LESSONS LEARNED
1) the importance of focusing on impacts to determine priorities; 2) the value of engaging the entire marine debris community early in the planning process; and
3) the asset of having all marine debris partners together to share in the planning process.
NEXT STEPS
The completed Hawaii Marine Debris Action Plan will be rolled out to decision makers and potential funders in November 2009.

For more information visit http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/projects/himdap.html and
http://sites.google.com/site/himdap/ or contact Kris.McElwee@noaa.gov.

FURTHER INFO
HAWAI‘I MARINE DEBRIS WORKSHOP SUMMARY REPORT

Plastic Marine Debris: What We Know

Want to know about Plastic Marine Debris Click

Frequency asked questions you might want to know:

Do plastics degrade in the environment?

What are "microplastics"?

Is it true that our fish are being poisoned by marine debris? (plastics and pollutants)

Is it true that (NOAA has found that) 100,000 marine mammals and/or sea turtles die each year due to marine debris/plastics/plastic bags?

Is plastic a large portion of the debris that enters our oceans? How much?

Have there been studies by NOAA on impacts of plastics to marine mammals and fish?

Are all plastics created equal once they are in the environment? Do some cause more damage than others?

Is there a source/reference to see an actual plot of plastic marine debris occurrence?

Turning the Tide on Trash: A Learning Guide on Marine Debris

Turning the Tide on Trash: A Learning Guide on Marine Debris

Article for Marine debris fact sheet and School Activities that are useful for children in any school.

Capt. Charles Moore: ...the ocean is downhill from everywhere...

Gwent Schools Set To Receive New Sports Kits Made From Plastic

Gwent Schools Set To Receive New Sports Kits Made From Plastic
27th October 2010

Youngsters bottle top collections will be winner for school teams and marine litter

Children at schools in Gwent are taking part in a pilot scheme which will help them understand the problems of marine and beach litter whilst giving their sports teams a brand new kit made from plastic bottles!

The schools, from Caldicot, Pontypool, Abertillery, Newport, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent and Monmouthshire are among the first schools in the UK to take part in the Bottle Champions Recycling Campaign - a partnership scheme between the Marine Conservation Society (MCS) and Plastics 2020 Challenge, an industry group focussed on diverting plastic from landfill and preventing littering.

MCS Litter Policy Officer, Sue Kinsey, says the initiative is a real first: “We believe it’s the first time that the plastics industry and an environmental charity have worked together in this way. The project is a fantastic way to get school children involved in recycling by learning about the dangers of marine pollution and then seeing the benefits of their efforts.”

The campaign will be introduced to Gwent youngsters as part of the MCS Cool Seas Roadshow, which gives primary aged children an insight into the amazing wildlife that lies beneath the waves. Roadshow leader Andy Starbuck says: “I’ll be telling the children about all the good things our seas have to offer and by introducing the Bottle Champions campaign we can focus on the importance of recycling to reduce the rising tide of plastic litter found in the sea and on beaches.”

Nine national football teams wore shirts made out of recycled plastic bottles at this year’s World Cup, including Brazil, Portugal and Holland. Schools taking part in Bottle Champions pilot will ask each pupil to bring in ten bottle tops - having already ensured that the bottles have been recycled at home. Ten plastic tops per child in the school will result in a new football, rugby or netball kit for the school team. 10 recycled bottles amounts to one sports kit!

Barry Turner of the Plastics 2020 Challenge comments: “As well as being unsightly, plastics litter represents a huge waste of precious resources that could be re used, recycled or converted to create much needed energy. There is no need for any plastics to end up in the marine environment. We value the opportunity to work with the MCS and help to educate kids on the importance of reducing the amount of plastic that ends up in landfill.”

Hannah Jones, Education Services Team Manager at Careers Wales Gwent says: “We are delighted to be working with primary schools across Gwent alongside the Marine Conservation Society and Plastics 2020 to promote the Bottle Champions Recycling Campaign. Students will have a unique opportunity to learn about an important environmental issue in a fun and stimulating way”.

MCS Litter Policy Officer, Sue Kinsey, says marine litter is a huge problem: “The only way to solve it is by involving everyone, from the public through to industry and Governments. Plastic litter is a particular problem at sea and makes up over 60% of all litter found on UK beaches. It’s incredibly harmful to animals whether it’s plastic bags mistaken for jellyfish by turtles, or small plastic pieces that are ingested by other marine creatures.”
-Ends-

Press contacts and information:
Schools in Gwent taking part in the pilot launched with a visit from the Cool Seas Roadshow are:
Rogiet Primary - Caldicot, George Street Primary – Pontypool, Ystruth Primary – Abertillery, New Inn Primary - Pontypool, Millbrook Primary – Newport, Trellech Primary – Monmouth, Thornwell Primary – Chepstow, Shirenewtown Primary – Chepstow, Durand Primary- Caldicot, Deri View - Abergavenny

For MCS:
Dr Sue Kinsey: Litter Policy Officer
Tel 01989 561585
ISDN 01989 561660

For Plastics 2020
Helen Roache
Helen.roache@ppsgroup.co.uk
Tel: 020 529 1700


The Marine Conservation Society (MCS) is the UK charity dedicated to the protection of our seas, shores and wildlife. MCS campaigns for clean seas and beaches, sustainable fisheries, and protection of marine life. Through education, community involvement and collaboration, MCS raises awareness of the many threats that face our seas and promotes individual, industry and government action to protect the marine environment. MCS provides information and guidance on many aspects of marine conservation and produces the annual Good Beach Guide (www.goodbeachguide.co.uk), the Good Fish Guide and www.fishonline.org on sustainable seafood, as well as promoting public participation in volunteer projects and surveys such as MCS Beachwatch, Adopt-a-Beach and Basking Shark Watch.www.mcsuk.org

MCS Cool Seas Roadshow – is part funded by the Save our Seas foundation and visits primary schools in the UK taking the secrets of the seas into the classroom revealing the amazing wildlife beneath the oceans

The Plastics 2020 Challenge
The Plastics 2020 Challenge commitment is to lead the UK in diverting plastics from landfill by 2020 in order to reduce climate change impact, address the energy deficit, and achieve a step change in efficient use of resources.

Plastics 2020 made this founding commitment at their launch, which took place at the Houses of Parliament in Westminster on 7 July 2009. The founding members are the British Plastics Federation, PlasticsEurope and the Packaging & Films Association. Together they represent 5,000 small, medium and large enterprises that employ approximately 186,000 people across the UK. The industry’s exports are worth £4.6 billion a year and the UK remains dominant in worldwide markets.

The Founding commitments of the Plastics 2020 Challenge relate to the 4 Rs of the waste hierarchy as follows:

1. REDUCE
Reduce wastage and environmental impact by continuous innovation of lightweight, high performance plastic materials and products.

2. REUSE
Develop new solutions and designs to increase the reuse of plastic products.

3. RECYCLE
Double plastic packaging recycling rate by 2020 through working in partnership with the whole value chain and all levels of government to facilitate and promote effective markets, technologies and infrastructure.

4. RECOVER
Support high efficiency energy from waste techniques for end-of-life plastics where recycling is not an option.

Full details can be viewed at www.plastics2020challenge.com


Source: MCS UK http://www.mcsuk.org/press/view/323

Microplastics' may pose previously unrecognized pollution threat

Microplastics' may pose previously unrecognized pollution threat
October 29, 2007

Submicroscopic particles of PVC (shown via electron microscope) and other plastics may pose a previously unrecognized pollution threat. Credit: Courtesy of Emma Teuten, University of Plymouth, UK
Microscopic particles of plastic debris that litter marine environments may pose a previously unrecognized threat to marine animals by attracting, holding, and transporting water pollutants, a new study by British researchers is reporting. It is scheduled for the Nov. 15 issue of ACS' Environmental Science & Technology.
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Marine Ecology - - an evolutionary perspective Read this journal online - www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Emma L. Teuten and colleagues note long-standing awareness that large pieces of plastic waste, including cargo wrapping sheet plastic and six-pack rings, can sicken and kill fish, birds, turtles and other animals. Seawater eventually breaks down these large pieces into microplastics, which can adsorb high levels of PCBs and other toxins.
Microplastics also enter the environment directly from use as "scrubbers" in household and industrial cleaning products. However, little research has been done on the environmental impact of these tiny, pollution-packed pellets.
In the new study, researchers exposed several different types and sizes of microplastics to phenanthrene, a major marine pollutant, and used a model to predict their effects on a group of sediment-dwelling marine worms (lugworms).
The scientists found that addition of just a few millionths of a gram of contaminated microplastics to the sediments caused an 80% increase in phenanthrene accumulation in the tissues of the worms.
Since lugworms are at the base of the food chain, phenanthrene from microplastics would be passed on and biomagnified in other marine animals. The finding suggests that microplastics are an important agent in the transport of pollutants in marine organisms and throughout the global environment, the researchers say.
Source: ACS http://www.physorg.com/news112879241.html

Ocean Whispers: Microplastic pollution in the ocean - washing our ...

Ocean Whispers: Microplastic pollution in the ocean - washing our ...: "I recently visited the south west coast of the United States and met with the author of a news article that has generated some interest. Jud..."